Fatigue analysis – Butt welds of I section

Description

Two beams of section IPE 200 from steel grade S355 are welded together by transverse full penetration butt welds. The beams at the position of the investigated detail are loaded by bending moment and normal stress:

Determination of nominal stress

Safety factor \(\gamma_{Mf}\) is selected from Table 3.1 (EN 1993-1-9). For this example, let's assume  \(\gamma_{Mf} = 1.15\).

Analytical method

The nominal stress is determined by simple formula:

\[\sigma = \frac{N}{A} + \frac{M_y}{W_y} \]

For minimum normal stress, it is:

\[\sigma_{min} = \frac{100 \cdot 10^3}{2850} + \frac{10 \cdot 10^6}{194000} = 86.6 \, \textrm{MPa}\]

For maximum normal stress, it is:

\[\sigma_{max} = \frac{300 \cdot 10^3}{2850} + \frac{30 \cdot 10^6}{194000} = 259.9 \, \textrm{MPa}\]

The stress range is:

\[\sigma_{max} - \sigma_{min} = 259.9 - 86.6 = 173.3 \, \textrm{MPa} \]

There is no shear stress. Stress concentration factor k_f is selected for appropriate detail. For full penetration butt welds across the whole cross-section loaded by normal force, the stress concentration factor is k_f = 1.0.

\[\Delta \sigma_R = \gamma_{Mf} \cdot k_f \cdot (\sigma_{max} - \sigma_{min}) = 1.15 \cdot 1.0 \cdot 173.3 = 199.3\,\textrm{MPa} \]

CBFEM analysis

The loads are set as follows:

Reference load is the minimum load and LE2 is the maximal load.

The von Mises stress at maximum load (LE2) shows that no part is yielding.

Planes are automatically generated near the butt welds and the stresses are shown in the check table:

The stress concentration factor k_f is taken from finite element method and does not have to be applied again. The safety factor must be used.

\[\Delta \sigma_R = \gamma_{Mf} \cdot \sigma_{max}  = 1.15 \cdot 178.1 = 204.8\,\textrm{MPa} \]

Comparison

IDEA StatiCa shows slightly higher normal stress (178.1 MPa) than the analytical approach (173.3 MPa). The only difference is caused by the assumed cross-section in IDEA StatiCa with slightly different cross-sectional parameters:

Using the cross-sectional properties of simplified cross-section, the same results as IDEA StatiCa are obtained: \(\sigma_{min} = 89.1\,\textrm{MPa}\), \(\sigma_{max} = 267.2\,\textrm{MPa}\), \(\sigma_{max} - \sigma_{min} = 178.1\,\textrm{MPa}\).

Fatigue analysis

An example of fatigue analysis using nominal stress is shown for a design according to EN 1993-1-9:2005. 

The Detail category 90 is selected from Table 8.3.

For constant amplitude nominal stress ranges, the number of cycles for fatigue life is taken from Chapter 7.1:

\[N_R = \frac{\Delta \sigma_c^m \cdot 2\cdot 10^6}{\Delta \sigma_R^m}\]

Hand calculation:

\[N_R = \frac{90^3 \cdot 2\cdot 10^6}{199.3^3} = 184\,177\, \textrm{cycles}\]

IDEA Connection:

\[N_R = \frac{90^3 \cdot 2\cdot 10^6}{204.8^3} = 169\,734 \, \textrm{cycles}\]

The number of cycles that the joint can endure is slightly lower in IDEA Connection due to the simplification of the cross-section.

Benchmark case

Inputs

Members: B1, B2 - IPE200

Steel grade: S 355

Load effects:

• Reference: N = 100 kN, My = 10 kNm
• LE2: N = 300 kN, My = 30 kNm

Manufacturing operations: Cut by Mitre cut, Butt welds

Outputs

Maximum normal stress range: 178.1 MPa at top flange

Shear stress range: 0 MPa