# Impact of boundary conditions

$$Internal forces from the global model A segment of the structure is cut from a global model. The choice of the cut is entirely arbitrary and dependent on the user's judgment. The model should be symmetrical, what is reflected in this case. Fig. 01 Bending moments and shear forces on the main girder Fig. 02 Global deformation of the main girder Fig. 03 Normal stress on the main girderImpact of the boundary conditions in IDEA StatiCa MemberThe boundary conditions have a huge impact on the behavior of a structure. The user should respect the global behavior of the structure during the modeling of the structural segment in IDEA StatiCa Member. The boundary conditions ought to be chosen according to the behavior of the global model. Either translation or rotations shouldn't be restricted to any additional stresses that could be created. The ignorance of these rules will have a big impact on the results of all three available types of analyses: materially non-linear analysis (MNA), linear buckling analysis (LBA), and geometrically and materially non-linear analysis with imperfections (GMNIA).The following points indicate the important rules: The model is in equilibrium after export if the internal forces (N, V, M) are added at the ends of related members. Boundary conditions serve to constrain the additional reactions, which were created after MNA, LBA and GMNIA analyses. Without boundary conditions, the model can't be calculated. Fig. 04 Internal forces at the end of related membersExample 1: Correct boundary conditions and internal forces at the ends of related membersThis model includes the boundary conditions which correspond to the global model, i.e. hinges (Fig. 05). Thanks to internal forces at the end of related members, you receive the corresponding diagram of internal forces as in the global model (Fig. 06). Fig. 05 Hinges and internal forces at the end of related members Fig. 06 Bending moments in the Member applicationThe equivalent stress and deformation prove that the boundary conditions and the diagram of internal forces (Fig.06) comply with the global model of the structure (Fig. 03). Results of equivalent stress are slightly higher than in the linear analysis in global FEM (Fig. 03) due to the plate model and consideration of the real stiffness of the connections between the diaphragm and the main girders. Fig. 07 Equivalent stress from the material non-linear analysisThe linear buckling analysis (LBA) shows that the first critical factor reaches a value of 2.66. The first mode shape causes the diaphragm to buckle (Fig. 08). The second factor is close to the first one and reaches a value of 3.14 (Fig. 09). This mode shape causes a local buckling of the web of the main girder. The mode shape and critical factor are influenced by the stiffness of the connections, stiffness of the main girders and also the boundary conditions. Fig. 08 First mode shape Fig. 09 Second mode shapeExample 2: Incorrect boundary conditions and internal forces at the end of related membersIf we won't keep the correctness of the boundary conditions (Fig.10) at the end of related members, we receive entirely different internal forces (Fig. 11). This gives us already clue that the boundary conditions are chosen incorrectly and the cut part of the structure has different behavior than the global model (Fig. 01). Fig. 10 Rigid boundary conditions and internal forces at the end of related membersThese internal forces and stresses are completely different from the global model. The boundary conditions influenced slightly also the internal forces of the diaphragm. (Fig. 11 vs. Fig. 06). Due to restrained translation and rotation (Rx), the redistributions of internal forces are different from Fig. 06. Fig. 11 Bending moments in the Member application Fig. 12 Equivalent stress from the material non-linear analysisThe first mode shape gives a slightly higher critical factor of 2.70 (Fig. 13) compared to the first example (Fig. 08). This effect is caused by the different boundary conditions used in the model. This mode shape represents the diaphragm buckling and, as we can see, the stresses and the internal forces are approximately the same as those in Fig. 06. This is the reason why the first mode shape looks similar and has almost the same factor. The boundary conditions have a small impact on parts in the segment model which are indirectly connected with the related members. On the contrary, the second mode shape (Fig. 14) is totally different compared to the one in Fig. 09 with a critical factor of 6.23. Here, the buckling takes place on the upper flange of the diaphragm. Looking only at the results of LBA, the model seems to be correct. Nevertheless, the behavior of the global structure is totally different, and thus the approach with such boundary conditions can't be used. Fig. 13 First mode shape Fig. 14 Second mode shapeExample 3: Correct boundary conditions and any internal forces at the end of related members Fig. 15 Hinges and any internal forces at the end of related membersThe correct boundary conditions (complying with the global model) but without any internal forces input at the end of related members (Fig. 15) cause the triangular shape of bending moments (Fig. 16). From the internal forces is evidently seen that this behavior does not comply with the global model behavior. One interesting phenom regarding the internal forces on the diaphragm in Fig. 16 can be observed - the internal forces are the same as in the model in the first model (Fig. 06). So we can conclude that if the boundary conditions are correctly defined and any internal forces at the end of related members are applied, MNA on the indirectly connected members is performed correctly. Fig. 16 Bending moments in the Member application Fig. 17 Equivalent stress from the material non-linear analysisThe first mode shape complies with the first model (Fig. 08), thus we can say that the GMNIA would be performed correctly. The second mode shape is similar to the second model (Fig. 14) due to missing internal forces at the end of related members. Fig. 18 First mode shape Fig. 19 Second mode shapeConclusion The global model, deformations of the structural segment, its internal forces and stresses are the clue for determination of the correct boundary conditions The boundary conditions affect the behavior of the related members Even though the internal forces are not applied at the ends of related members, the MNA, LBA and GMNIA analyses are performed correctly provided that the appropriate boundary conditions have been defined at the ends of related members.$$